As science progresses and communication technologies develop, economic and financial processes become increasingly globalized. The emergence of electronic trading systems made possible the creation of global trading floors, the largest of which today is the Forex market.           Participants of such trading floors are usually different economic entities geographically located at any point globally. Thanks to such financial institutions, today’s Forex market is the most liquid and has a daily turnover of trillions of dollars. On the other hand, trading transactions are also simplified, the volume of available liquidity increases, and opportunities for capital investment are expanded. This allows banks, brokerage companies, and investment funds to offer clients a wide range of financial products and services, meeting any risk profile. However, when it comes to the functioning of the entire market, providers of FX liquidity, responsible for keeping the trading process running smoothly, come into play.           In this article, we will explain what Forex liquidity providers are and what types they are divided into. You will also learn how

American inflation, Europe’s energy crisis, and China’s zero-covid policy are still enormous problems           A surge of optimism is running through financial markets. For most of the year, America’s high inflation has proved troublingly persistent, Europe’s energy crisis has threatened covid-19 lockdowns and a property bust has plagued a deep recession and China’s economy. Investors are now cheering developments on all three fronts. America’s annual inflation fell from 8.2% to 7.7% in October. Europe’s natural-gas prices are down by two-thirds from their peak in August. China has loosened some restrictions associated with its “zero-covid” policy and on November 11th unveiled measures to ease the financial pressure on embattled property developers. This flurry of news has sent global stocks up by 13% since mid-October, as traders priced in fewer interest-rate rises by central banks and caused the dollar to fall.            Alas, investors are getting ahead of themselves. America’s inflation is coming down because pandemic-related disruptions to supply chains are dissipating. A year ago dozens of ships were anchored outside Los Angeles waiting to be unloaded, and semiconductors

          The creative economy is evolving concept that interplays between human creativity and ideas and intellectual property, knowledge, and technology. Including, the creative economy covers the knowledge-based economic activities upon which the creative industries are based. These industries comprise advertising, architecture, arts and crafts, design, fashion, film, video, photography, music, performing arts, publishing, research and development, software, computer games, electronic publishing, and TV/radio. Furthermore, the creative industries are the most dynamic sector in the world economy, because this sector provided new opportunities for developing countries to cross into emerging high-growth areas of the world economy.           The data show that the creative industries are not a rapidly growing sector of the world economy only, but also generate revenues, jobs, and exports. This sector contributes over 6.1% to global GDP, an average between 2% and 7% of the national GDP around the world. From the data of the UN estimate, these industries generate annual revenues of over 2 trillion dollars and provide jobs for people worldwide of almost 50 million. Global trade in

            Jeremy Hunt outlined a £55 billion ($65 billion) package of tax rises and spending cuts for the UK to plug a hole in the nation’s finances and restore confidence among investors.          The Chancellor of the Exchequer hit the wealthy with higher taxes on wages and dividends and extended a windfall tax on oil and gas companies, telling the House of Commons on Thursday that he was prioritizing “stability, growth, and public services.”                “We take difficult decisions to tackle inflation and keep mortgage rates down,” Hunt told lawmakers as he unveiled his Autumn Statement — a budget in all but name. “But our plan also leads to a shallower downturn; lower energy bills; higher long-term growth; and a stronger NHS and education system.”              Prime Minister Rishi Sunak’s government is pushing through the measures to restore confidence among investors in Britain’s ability to pay its way after a disastrous experiment with deep tax cuts by his predecessor, Liz Truss.

          The COVID-19 pandemic has affected the world economy, especially the export-import sector affected by the COVID-19 curb and lockdown. After that, some countries have eased with the COVID-19 curb and the economy is recovering, but unfortunately, at the beginning of this year Russia attacked Ukraine, hence western nations sanctioned financial of Russia, then Russia responded by stopping the supply of gas and oil to western nations. Moreover, this year every country has faced a hike inflation rate which is the main factor of economic growth. All of these actions have affected the world economy.           The economic outlook for 2022 in Southeast Asia, The Asian Development Bank (ADB) reported that the 2022 growth projection for Southeast Asia is 5.1% from 4.9%, as consumer spending in Indonesia, Myanmar, and the Philippines enlarged after the government has eased with the COVID-19 curb and opened borders. However, growth projections in Laos, Singapore, Thailand, and Timor-Leste have transitioned downward the causes of weaker external demand from major economies, for Brunei, Cambodia, Malaysia, and Vietnam the

          On Monday, the wholesale spot price of European natural gas went negative. For an hour, suppliers were willing to pay almost €16 to someone able to suck up a megawatt hour of gas, about the equivalent of an average UK household’s monthly consumption. It was a remarkable turnaround for a market that saw record prices of over €300/MWh towards the end of August. Of course, there were special forces at work. Although the negative price was recorded on the main Dutch benchmark for European gas, it was not seen everywhere across the continent. It lasted for one hour only and a more standard spot price now around €50/MWh remains twice the norm for European gas. And it occurred because liquefied natural gas supplies keep arriving in Europe when storage facilities are effectively full. But it is important not to get too distracted by these caveats.           All European gas prices have tumbled since Vladimir Putin decided to stop supplying the continent through the Nord Stream 1 pipeline at the end of

          Germany has no plans to back a joint European Union debt issuance according to a government source. This statement comes to reject prior news from the European session, so, according to the source, Germany does not support joint EU debt to encounter the looming energy crisis. The government source told Reuters on Monday, that he denies prior media report saying Chancellor Olaf Scholz supported joint debt issuances to tackle the energy crisis.           During the general volatility of the European session, the original news, via Bloomberg, could have been of a big deal of impact, but in the quieter afternoon New York session, there has been no impact on this headline. Investors are paying close attention to the deepening crisis in the European Union. Soaring gas and electricity prices do surely threaten to quake manufacturing and tranquil winter life across Europe.           It is worth mentioning that borrowing costs between member countries are beginning to deviate which is a negative factor for the Euro as investors flood

          Laos faces unprecedented financial difficulties, including US$14.5 billion worth of public and publicly guaranteed debt — around half of which is owed to China. But unlike Sri Lanka, there is no chance that Laos will default on its external debt obligations. China, its largest creditor and political ally will not let Laos default.           The size of Laos’ debt obligations makes it seem like the default is inevitable. The country’s total public and publicly guaranteed debt stock was 88 percent of GDP in 2021. With an average of US$1.3 billion worth of yearly debt servicing owed between 2022 and 2026, the Lao government needs to seek debt service deferral and continue to refinance its existing debt stock. Laos also faces a liquidity challenge — it does not have enough assets to meet its external debt obligations — with its foreign exchange reserves (US$1.3 billion) equal to the annual amount needed to service its debt.           Geo-economic factors mean that the concerns about Laos defaulting are unrealistic. The

          International trade has been part of the world economy for thousands of years. Despite this long history, the importance of foreign trade was modest until the beginning of the 19th century—the sum of worldwide exports and imports never exceeded 10% of global output before 1800. Then around 1820 started to change quickly. Around that time, technological advances and political liberalism triggered what we know today as the ‘first wave of globalization.         This first wave of globalization came to an end with the beginning of the First World War, when the decline of liberalism and the rise of nationalism led to a collapse in international trade. But this was temporary, and trade started growing again after the Second World War. This second wave of globalization, which continues today, has seen international trade grow faster than ever before. Today, around 60% of all goods and services produced in the world are shipped across country borders. In just a few generations, globalization completely changed the world economy.           Nowadays, The